SCIETIFIC INVESTIGATION
Managers frequently face issues that call for critical decision making.thus; managers are responsible for the final outcome by making right decision. As mention earlier that research is an organized, systematic, data-based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry into a specific problem that needs a solution. Science which mean careful and logical approach when combine with research d through step-by-step logical, organized and rigorous method to identify the problem, gather data, analyze them, tend to yield the best desire result. In this manner research is not based on functions, experience and intuition, but is purposive and rigorous.
Scientific research is important and useful in many ways, because of the rigorous ways in which it is done. Scientific research enables all those who are interested in researching and about the same and similar issue to come up with comparable findings when data are analized.Scietific research also help the researchers to state their finding accurately and with confidence.furthemore,scientific research tends to be more objective than subjective, this helps various organization to apply those objective finding and solutions when they encounter problems.Moreso,the term, scientific research applies to both apply and basic research. Applied research may or may not be generalizable to other organization depending on the extent to which h differences exist in such factors as size, nature of work, characteristic of the employees, and structure of the organization. Yet, applied research also have to be an organized and systematic process where problems are carefully identify, data scientifically gathered and conclusion drawn in an objective manner for effective problem solving.However, organization do not always follow the rigorous step-by-step process because the problem may be so simple that it does not call for elaborate research and past experience might offer the necessary solution. Also sometimes, exigencies of time, unwillingness to expand resources needed, lack of knowledge, and other factors might prompt businesses to try to solve problems base on mental intelligence, though the probability of making wrong decision in such cases is high.
THE HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEACH
The hallmarks or the main distinguishing characteristics of scientific research are listed as follows:
Purposiveness
Rigour
Testability
Reliability
Precision and Confidence
Objectivity
Generalizability
Parsimony
I
OBTACLES TO CONDUCTING SCIENTIFIC RESEACH IN THE MANAGEMENT RESEACH
In the management and behavioural areas, it is not always possible to conduct investigations that are 100% scientific, in the sense that, unlike in the science, the results obtained will not be exact, and. This error-free. This primarily because of difficulties likely to be encountered in measurement and collection of data in the subjective areas of feelings, emotions, attitude, and perceptions. These problems occurs whenever we attempt to qualify human bahavior.Other obstacles include, difficulties in obtaining a representation sample, restricting the generalizability of the findings, difficulty in comparability, difficulty in consistency,etc.
DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION IN SCI9ENTIFIC RESEACH
Answers to issues can be found either by the process of deduction or the process of induction or by the combination of the two. Deduction is the process by which we arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logical generalization of a known fact. For example, we know that a reliable is usually trustworthy. If Ken is reliable then we conclude that he is highly trustworthy. Induction on the other hand is the process where we observe that certain phenomena, and on this basis arrive at conclusion. In other words, in induction we logically establish a general proposition based on observed facts. For instance, we see that research processes are important toward solving organization problems. We therefore conclude that research exists for problem solving purpose.
HYPOTHETICAL-DEDUCTIVE METHOD
Theories based on deduction and induction helps us to understand, explain, and or predict business phenomena. When research is design to test some outcome observation, for instance, problem identification, theoretical framework, formulation hypothesis, data, analysing the data, interpreting the data, and logically deducing from the result of the study is known as the hypothetical-deductive method. The seven of hypothetical-deductive methods include;
Observation
Preliminary information gathering
Theory formulation
Hypothesizing
Further scientific data collection
Data analysis
Deduction.
OTHER TYPES OF RESEACH
Action research: this sometimes undertaking by consultants who want to initiate change processes in an organization. In other words, action research methodology is most appropriate while affecting planned changes. Here, researchers begin with that is already identifying, and gather relevant data to provide tentative problem solution. This solution is then implemented, with that knowledge that there may be unintended consequences following such implementation. The results are then evaluated, defined, diagonized,and the research continue on an ongoing basis until the problem is fully resolved. Other types of research are:
Constituted panels
Organized groups
Observation panels
Projective techniques
And, interactive media
In conclusion, scientific investigations when duly employed, with it technologies, problem solving techniques sophisticated software packages, will aid today’s managers to face the ever challenging world and in better decision making.
Endnote
Uma Sekaran
Managers frequently face issues that call for critical decision making.thus; managers are responsible for the final outcome by making right decision. As mention earlier that research is an organized, systematic, data-based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry into a specific problem that needs a solution. Science which mean careful and logical approach when combine with research d through step-by-step logical, organized and rigorous method to identify the problem, gather data, analyze them, tend to yield the best desire result. In this manner research is not based on functions, experience and intuition, but is purposive and rigorous.
Scientific research is important and useful in many ways, because of the rigorous ways in which it is done. Scientific research enables all those who are interested in researching and about the same and similar issue to come up with comparable findings when data are analized.Scietific research also help the researchers to state their finding accurately and with confidence.furthemore,scientific research tends to be more objective than subjective, this helps various organization to apply those objective finding and solutions when they encounter problems.Moreso,the term, scientific research applies to both apply and basic research. Applied research may or may not be generalizable to other organization depending on the extent to which h differences exist in such factors as size, nature of work, characteristic of the employees, and structure of the organization. Yet, applied research also have to be an organized and systematic process where problems are carefully identify, data scientifically gathered and conclusion drawn in an objective manner for effective problem solving.However, organization do not always follow the rigorous step-by-step process because the problem may be so simple that it does not call for elaborate research and past experience might offer the necessary solution. Also sometimes, exigencies of time, unwillingness to expand resources needed, lack of knowledge, and other factors might prompt businesses to try to solve problems base on mental intelligence, though the probability of making wrong decision in such cases is high.
THE HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEACH
The hallmarks or the main distinguishing characteristics of scientific research are listed as follows:
Purposiveness
Rigour
Testability
Reliability
Precision and Confidence
Objectivity
Generalizability
Parsimony
I
OBTACLES TO CONDUCTING SCIENTIFIC RESEACH IN THE MANAGEMENT RESEACH
In the management and behavioural areas, it is not always possible to conduct investigations that are 100% scientific, in the sense that, unlike in the science, the results obtained will not be exact, and. This error-free. This primarily because of difficulties likely to be encountered in measurement and collection of data in the subjective areas of feelings, emotions, attitude, and perceptions. These problems occurs whenever we attempt to qualify human bahavior.Other obstacles include, difficulties in obtaining a representation sample, restricting the generalizability of the findings, difficulty in comparability, difficulty in consistency,etc.
DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION IN SCI9ENTIFIC RESEACH
Answers to issues can be found either by the process of deduction or the process of induction or by the combination of the two. Deduction is the process by which we arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logical generalization of a known fact. For example, we know that a reliable is usually trustworthy. If Ken is reliable then we conclude that he is highly trustworthy. Induction on the other hand is the process where we observe that certain phenomena, and on this basis arrive at conclusion. In other words, in induction we logically establish a general proposition based on observed facts. For instance, we see that research processes are important toward solving organization problems. We therefore conclude that research exists for problem solving purpose.
HYPOTHETICAL-DEDUCTIVE METHOD
Theories based on deduction and induction helps us to understand, explain, and or predict business phenomena. When research is design to test some outcome observation, for instance, problem identification, theoretical framework, formulation hypothesis, data, analysing the data, interpreting the data, and logically deducing from the result of the study is known as the hypothetical-deductive method. The seven of hypothetical-deductive methods include;
Observation
Preliminary information gathering
Theory formulation
Hypothesizing
Further scientific data collection
Data analysis
Deduction.
OTHER TYPES OF RESEACH
Action research: this sometimes undertaking by consultants who want to initiate change processes in an organization. In other words, action research methodology is most appropriate while affecting planned changes. Here, researchers begin with that is already identifying, and gather relevant data to provide tentative problem solution. This solution is then implemented, with that knowledge that there may be unintended consequences following such implementation. The results are then evaluated, defined, diagonized,and the research continue on an ongoing basis until the problem is fully resolved. Other types of research are:
Constituted panels
Organized groups
Observation panels
Projective techniques
And, interactive media
In conclusion, scientific investigations when duly employed, with it technologies, problem solving techniques sophisticated software packages, will aid today’s managers to face the ever challenging world and in better decision making.
Endnote
Uma Sekaran
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